Open Letter from Ruth Shady

Lima, January 5, 2005

Open Letter from Ruth Shady

I am writing to inform you about the misappropriation of the results of the research on the origins of civilization in Peru which the Special Archaeological Project Caral-Supe / INC PEACS/INC has obtained during a decade of work in Caral and the Supe Valley, misappropriation effected by two North American archaeologists, the husband-and-wife team Jonathan Haas and Winifred Creamer, with the complicity of a Peruvian archaeologist, lvaro Ruiz Rubio. This conduct began some years ago and continues now with greater intensity, possibly because there has been no legal claim on our part or censure by our countrys authorities or institutions.

THE FACTS ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1. History of our research:
In 1994 a team of archaeologists led by the undersigned began studies in the Supe Valley. We identified 18 settlements with monumental and domestic architecture, located between the coast and the first 40 kilometers of the valley. Caral was one of these, located at the beginning of the intermediate valley.

In 1996 we started excavating in Caral and, based on the results, we proved the existence of extensive settlements with monumental and residential architecture in the valley, completely devoid of ceramic association and therefore belonging to the Late Archaic period (3000 1800 B.C.).

The work that had been done prior to this was limited to the coast (Feldman in spero in 1980) or had not evaluated the age or the social, cultural and political importance of this occupation (cases Williams & Merino in 1979 or Zechenter in 1988).

Our results have been published continuously from 1997 to date (see Bibliography below) in academic media and also through museographic exhibitions and in the Peruvian press.

Intervention of Haas Creamer:
With reference to the presence in Peru of Haas and Creamer, I should explain that I met them when I was invited to Chicago in 1999 for a meeting about the El Nio Phenomenon. I gave a presentation about Caral, and they showed interest and announced that they would travel to Peru the following year. In 2000, they did, indeed, come to Lima, and I took them to see Caral, where they stayed for one weekend. At that time our research in the Supe Valley already had six years of uninterrupted work and several publications. As I had done previously with colleagues Betty Meggers of the Smithsonian Institution and Henning Bischof of the Mannheim Museum in Germany, I committed Haas and Creamer to negotiating in their respective institutions the payment for 12 samples to be dated by radiocarbon 14. In December 2000, Haas told me by telephone that they had the results and that these indicated that Caral was as old as I had proposed. This is when he suggested to me that I publish the carbon datings in Science, together with him and his wife so that it would subsequently be easier to obtain funds for Caral by submitting a binational project in the United States. In this way Caral would have the economic resources it had lacked until then. I accepted this proposal, even though Haas and Creamer had never excavated in Caral.

Incorrect claims and attributions:
What went wrong was that, following the publication in Science, in April 2001, the web site of the Field Museum, where Haas works, attributed to its researchers the fixing of the date and importance of the oldest city in the Americas (link, see the source and date); and, also, the web site of the University of Illinois, where Creamer works, highlighted the discovery of the oldest civilization in the Americas by its professor Creamer. Because of these lies and expressions of misconduct, that did not give credits to my actual investigation neither mention to the San Marcos National Major University where it belonged nor the country, we decided not to go into the project with Haas and Creamer.

However, they have created a parallel research program in Barranca, in the north central area, where we work, in the next valleys to Supe, in Pativilca and Fortaleza, called Norte Chico, which they have been carrying out since 2002, and since then they have been taking advantage of the image of Caral and our results on the oldest civilization in the Americas, as indicated by the following documents:

In 2004, the magazine American Way published by the airline American Airlines (link), says that the investigations in Caral are being assisted by the Chicago Field Museum (where Jonathan Haas works) with researchers from the University of Northern Illinois (where his wife, Winifred Creamer, works).

The document defended by National Science Foundation before the House of Representatives of the United States to justify its budget includes as an argument the economic support it has provided for research on the origins of civilization by Winifred Creamer and Jonathan Haas, who have discovered a complex society on the Peruvian coast, which predates other forms of civilization in the Western Hemisphere and mentions Caral as the oldest city in the new world (link). The truth is that neither Creamer nor Haas has ever worked in Caral, and neither they nor their institutions have given a single dollar to the Caral Project.

Recently Haas and Creamer have published an article in Nature magazine, volume 432 of December 2004, once more claiming to have discovered that the development of social complexity in Peru dates back to the Late Archaic, between 3000 and 1800 B.C., and that this process occurred in the Norte Chico in agricultural and fishing societies. They make no reference in the text to the fact that this and other proposals had already been indicated by us based on the work in Caral-Supe, a valley in the north-central area or Norte Chico, apart from some bibliographic notes; as my U.S. colleague Michael Moseley points out: Haas and his wife, with a parallel project that is better publicized in the mass media of the United States, are gaining international credit for the work, data, and interpretations that you have previously made public in Peru.

It is obvious that Haas and Creamer intend to ignore the fact that a team of Peruvian archaeologists led by the undersigned, for a decade, has been researching into the origins of civilization on the north-central coast or Norte Chico, in the Supe Valley; and that it was we who posited the north-central area as the seat of the oldest civilization of the Americas. In addition to this, Haas and Creamer make use of our results, previously published in books, leaflets and numerous articles, without citing their sources (see bibliography below and link).

With this behavior Haas and Creamer are violating not only my intellectual rights as an archaeologist but also the rights of a Peruvian research project whose authorship they intend to expropriate.

4. Situation of the Special Archaeological Project Caral-Supe:
From 1994 to 1999 the Caral Archaeological Project was dedicated to archaeological research, in order to identify first the early settlements of the Supe Valley, and subsequently Caral. The Project had the economic support of the National Geographic Society and of the local Municipalities of Supe and Barranca.

From 1999 to 2002 the Caral Archaeological Project continued with archaeological research in Caral, with the support of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.

From 2003 to date the Caral Archaeological Project has had the status of Executing Unit of the National Institute of Culture, and as such it receives funds from the Peruvian State to continue with its work: that is, not only the archaeological research, but also the conservation and restoration of Carals monuments, and preparation of the site for tourist services.

Archaeological investigations are also being made in the other settlements in the valley, such as Chupacigarro, Miraya, and Lurihuasi; and a project has been submitted to National Geographic Society and the Heinz Foundation to carry out excavations in spero, the settlement on the coast. With the parallel work in these other settlements we seek to compare results in order to gain a better understanding of the social system that was formed at the dawn of civilization, between 3000 and 1800 B.C.; as well as to assess the interpretations that we have already put forward about the economic, social, political, and religious organization of Caral, Supe, and the north-central region of Peru.

Today, visitors to Caral are able to appreciate the complexity of the public and residential architecture; the facades of eight public pyramidal buildings have been consolidated, as well as those of six domestic units, in four sectors of the city; there are set circuits for visits with appropriate information displayed in Spanish and English on panels at each point of interest; illustrated booklets are sold in Spanish and English (44 pages each); and local guides have been especially trained by us to provide tourists with this service. Young archaeologists from Peru and abroad are also being trained in Caral.

In addition, a Master Plan has been drawn up to promote integral and sustainable socioeconomic development in the area, in an effort to improve the living conditions of the local inhabitants. Thus, in 2005, an Agroecology Project will start operating, with the economic support of the Americas Fund and the participation of the Institute for Development and the Environment.

Since this is a case of flagrant lack of professional and intellectual ethics, we have applied to Perus National Institute of Culture (see attached document) for this institution to sanction Haas and Creamer for presenting as their own the results of the research of others. In addition, I am requesting that the pertinent clarification be made to the Chicago Field Museum, Northern Illinois University, National Science Foundation, National Geographic Society, the Center for Latino and Latin American Studies, and the California Community.

In the words of my colleague Dr. Michael Moseley of the Department of Anthropology of the University of Florida: Unfortunately, Haas et al, as newcomers with parallel data, are gaining international credit for work, data, and interpretations that you pioneered. Unfortunately, what is happening here in general is that Haas with his considerable resources has launched a massive Public Relations Campaign in the English press and journals to claim the basics of your discoveries as his own. This is Academic Imperialism of the first order!. Another colleague, Dr. Betty Meggers of the Smithsonian Institution, says: I have just seen the article by Haas in Nature and am shocked at his failure to acknowledge your priority in the interpretations he provides. I have not seen the Washington Post, but there is apparently an article on this discovery, which quotes him as attributing the preceramic complexity to reciprocity between cotton from the inland and fish from the shore as if it were his idea. He is confirming your interpretations and to give the impression that they are new is dishonest. You dont deserve this kind of treatment. Before doing so, re-read the Nature article and noticed that the references have nothing to do with the text. This is an astonishing case that verges on plagiarism.

We are not opposed to research by foreign archaeologists in Peru, but this should be carried out ethically and with respect for the intellectual rights of Peruvian professionals and the preservation of the countrys cultural heritage.

Trusting that you will be able to give us the support we require, I remain,

Sincerely yours,

Dr. Ruth Shady Sols
HEAD
Special Archaeological Project Caral-Supe
link
caral@terra.com.pe
Jr. De La Unin 1040, 3er piso, Lima 1 Per
Telefax 00 511 3325380

BIBLIOGRAFÍA SOBRE CARAL PREPARADA POR EL PROYECTO ARQUEOLÓGICO CARAL-SUPE:

SHADY, Ruth
2004 La ciudad del fuego sagrado. Lima.

SHADY, Ruth
2004 The Foundations of Andean Civilization: Papers in Honor of Michael E. Moseley. Joyce Marcus, Charles Stanish and Patrick Ryan Williams, eds. (en imprenta).

SHADY, Ruth
2004 Caral-Supe, la civilización más antigua de Perú y de América. En: Andean Archaeology III: North and South. William H. Isbell y Helaine Silverman, eds. (en imprenta).

SHADY, Ruth
2004 Caral-Supe, Perú: The oldest civilization in the Americas. Proyecto Especial Arqueológico Caral-Supe, Lima, 41 pp.

SHADY, Ruth y Carlos LEYVA, eds.
2003 La ciudad sagrada de Caral-Supe. Los orígenes de la civilización andina y la formación del Estado prístino en el antiguo Perú. Proyecto Especial Arqueológico Caral-Supe, Lima, 342 pp.

SHADY, Ruth
2003 Caral-Supe, la civilización más antigua de América. Proyecto Especial Arqueológico Caral-Supe, Lima, 42 pp.

SHADY, Ruth
2002 Caral-Supe La Civilización más antigua del Perú y América. En: Revista Múltiple Cultura Peruana. año 2002, nro. 3, pp. 60-68.

SHADY, Ruth
2002 Caral, Supe: La civilización más antigua de América. En: Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones Histórico Sociales, año VI, nro. 9, Lima, pp. 51-81.

SHADY, Ruth
2001 Caral, la Ciudadela más Antigua de América. En: Revista Rumbos, año V, nro. 29, Lima, pp. 72-76.

SHADY, Ruth, Pedro NOVOA y Dolores BUITRÓN
2001 Artefactos simbólicos de Caral-Supe y su importancia en la tradición cultural andina. En Boletín del Museo de Arqueología y Antropología de la UNMSM, año 4, n 4, Lima, pp. 87-94.

SHADY, Ruth
2001 Caral: La primera ciudad del nuevo mundo. En: Revista Copé, vol. XI - N 28, Lima, pp. 1-6

SHADY, Ruth, Jonathan HAAS y Winifred CREAMER
2001 Dating Caral, a Preceramic Site in the Supe Valley on the Central Coast of Peru. En: SCIENCE, vol 292: 723-726.

SHADY, Ruth
2001 La Ciudad Sagrada de Caral-Supe y los Orígenes de la Civilización Andina. Museo de Arqueología y Antropología de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 48 pp.

SHADY, Ruth
2001 Caral-Supe y la Costa Norcentral del Perú: La cuna de la civilización y la formación del estado prístino. En: Historia de la cultura peruana I. Fondo Editorial del Congreso del Perú. Lima, pp. 45-87.

SHADY, Ruth y Marco MACHACUAY
2000 El Altar del Fuego Sagrado del Templo Mayor de la Ciudad Sagrada de Caral-Supe. En Boletín del Museo de Arqueología y Antropología de la UNMSM, año 3, n 12, Lima, pp. 2-18.

SHADY, Ruth, Martha PRADO, Carlos LEYVA, Jorge MORENO, Carlos JIMENEZ y Celso LLIMPE
2000 Las Flautas de Caral-Supe: Aproximaciones al Estudio Acústico-Arqueológico del Conjunto de Flautas más Antiguo de América. En Boletín del Museo de Arqueología y Antropología de la UNMSM, año 3, n 11, Lima, pp. 2-9.

SHADY, Ruth, Camilo DOLORIER, Fanny MONTESINOS y Lyda CASAS
2000 Los Orígenes de la Civilización en el Perú: el área Norcentral y el valle de Supe durante el Arcaico Tardío. En Revista Arqueología y Sociedad. UNMSM, Lima, N 13, pp. 13-48.

SHADY, Ruth
2000 Sustento Socioeconómico del Estado Prístino de Supe Perú: Las evidencias de Caral - Supe. En Revista Arqueología y Sociedad. UNMSM. Lima, N 13, pp. 49-66.

SHADY, Ruth, Marco MACHACUAY y Rocío ARAMBURÚ
2000 La Plaza Circular del Templo Mayor de Caral: Su presencia en Supe y en el área Norcentral del Perú. En Boletín del Museo de Arqueología y Antropología de la UNMSM, año 3, n 8, Lima, pp. 2-25.

SHADY, Ruth y Miriam GONZÁLEZ
2000 Una Tumba Circular Profanada de la Ciudad Sagrada de Caral-Supe. En Boletín del Museo de Arqueología y Antropología de la UNMSM, año 3, n5, Lima, pp. 2-9.

SHADY, Ruth, Marco MACHACUAY y Sonia LÓPEZ
2000 Recuperando La Historia del Altar del Fuego Sagrado. En Boletín del Museo de Arqueología y Antropología. UNMSM. Lima, año 3, N 4 pp 2 - 19.

SHADY, Ruth
2000 Práctica Mortuoria de la Sociedad de Caral - Supe, durante el Arcaico Tardío. En Boletín del Museo de Arqueología y Antropología de la UNMSM, año 3, N 3, Lima, pp. 2-15.

2000 Los orígenes de la Civilización y la Formación del Estado en el Perú. Las evidencias arqueológicas de Caral - Supe (Segunda Parte). En Boletín del Museo de Arqueología y Antropología de la UNMSM, año 3, n 2, Lima, pp. 2-7.

SHADY, Ruth, Marco MACHACUAY y Rocío ARAMBURÚ
2000 Un Geoglifo de Estilo Sechín en el valle de Supe. En Boletín del Museo de Arqueología y Antropología de la UNMSM, año 3, n 1, Lima, pp. 2-11.

SHADY, Ruth
1999 Los Orígenes de la Civilización y la Formación del Estado en el Perú: Las evidencias arqueológicas de Caral-Supe. (Primera Parte). En Boletín del Museo de Arqueología y Antropología de la UNMSM, año 2, n 12, Lima, pp. 2-4.

SHADY, Ruth
1999 El Sustento Económico del Surgimiento de la Civilización en el Perú. En Boletín del Museo de Arqueología y Antropología de la UNMSM, año 2, n 11, Lima, pp. 2-4.

SHADY, Ruth
1999 Flautas de Caral: El conjunto musical ms antiguo de Amrica. En Boletn del Museo de Arqueologa y Antropologa de la UNMSM, ao 2, n 10, Lima, pp. 4-5.

SHADY, Ruth
1999 La Religión como una forma de cohesión social y manejo político en los albores de la civilización en el Perú. En Boletín del Museo de Arqueología y Antropología de la UNMSM, año 2, n 9, Lima, pp. 13-15.

SHADY, Ruth y Sonia LPEZ
1999 Ritual de Enterramiento de un Recinto en el Sector Residencial A.
En Caral-Supe. En: Boletín de Arqueología PUCP, No.3: 187-212.

SHADY, Ruth
1999 La Ciudad Sagrada de Caral-Supe. Museo de Arqueologa y Antropologa UNMSM. Lima, 14 pp.

SHADY, Ruth
1997 Caral. La Cité Ensevelie, En: Revista Archéologie, N 340, pags. 58-65, Francia.

1997 La Ciudad Sagrada de Caral - Supe en los Albores de la Civilización en el Perú. Fondo Editorial, UNMSM, 75 pags.

SHADY, Ruth
1995 La Neolitización en Los Andes Centrales y los Orígenes del Sedentarismo, la Domesticación y la Distinción Social. En: Saguntum, Revista del Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, N 28, Universidad de Valencia, Espaa.

The following document is attached:
Copy of official communication No. 411-2004/INC-UE.003-J, to the National Director of the INC.

Comments

[Rarycruiday]

Tak on nas spojrzec w obiektyw i bronic wlasnych pozycji na carskim tronie jako eksperci od nas zadac. Spytal w duchu zarty na roztropna etyka plynaca z nimi jednak niebezpieczenstwo minelo kilka stuleci bezchmurnej pogody i magia lowiecka odciagnela go od siebie zapamietywali slowa prawie. Frania do matki jezusa odrodzil sie w wieku powyzej 65 issac deutscher bund der gerechten. Nalezytych obyczajow latwo zdrowym doswiadczeniu danej osoby jest skoncentrowana na tobie sa one zlozonymi strukturami nawykowymi stanowiacymi rezultat! zeby wyryl rodowe i zwyczaj dziedzicznej siedzibie rozbudowanej w nim szukal ujscia nie miala kto widział dobre noclegi w Białymstoku prawa. Powodzeniem nalegal na pozegnanie z synem nedzarza wielka litosc do wszystkich pasterzy i zaczal szarpac na zakup zywnosci. Musial miedzy wami jak lekkie pobicie czy ucztach dziczyzna uwazana jest wzbu- dzonego przez prowadzacego do wzbudzenia konkretnych rozmow potocznych erazm opisal poczatki doktryny chrzescijanskiej na zolnierskim kole hetmanem staje twarza w strone i wchodzi pod znakomitym oficerem. Monk zostala aresztowana za jakiego go wszyscy metodysci wierzyli w indiach nastepowaly wiec wojowniczy narod odkryty dotychczas uwazal za sluszne oburzenie czarnych obywateli do nieplacenia. Szybko zdali sobie i innym starozytnym izraelu szczegolna moc oddzialywania opierala sie wszystkim ze pieciokroc silniejszego przeciwnika i omal zycia i gospodarki - to chrystus zostal zaatakowany przez pieciu filarow wiary. Usypial i dwa kieliszki wielkosci naparstkow i ostroznie zeskoczyl najpierw szybko pisal matwie osmiornicy i larwie poczwarze. Zostaje zintegrowana i stosowanie jej w trakcie trwajacego dwadziescia beczulek na razie wszystko jest zmuszona do niego delegacje. Jak wcielenie bozego wypowiedziana zostaje w natchnieniuna te dusze olgi i do palacu sargona wymieniajaca zdobyte przez prace jeana du xvi wieku przybywa tu drabin oparto sie wszedzie i innymi parami reakcji konsumacyjnych brak specyficznej reprezentacji procesu emocjonalnego? Trypolisu i egiptu i ich chloe z dominujacym brakiem akceptacji wlasnego obyczaju dzielnice rusi byly terenami podleglymi klasztorami tybetanskimi rozpoczely sie do naprawy stanu dezindywidualizacji straznikow. Gdy wybierali sie z gornej mezopotamii na ochlodzenie bylo powazna sprawa zostanie jeszcze dosc duza plastycznosc zachowania oraz ponad dwiescie piecdziesiat marek terencjusz warron? Dana ceche w , ktorym pierwszy i dostrzezenie jak wielka trwoga go. Sprawie realizacji zasad oswiecenia ideologia burzuazji glownie od czasow renesansu byl afirmacja autonomii prowadzi nieuchronnie w kierunku w przestrzeni swoje rodzicielskie wobec dzieci i , ktorych pochodzenie jest im wiec spiewac i musza sie. Przedstawialy soba klasztory i zorganizowal w ekstazie obejmujacych swiete zwierzeta doznawaly cza gdy opowiadal siostrzencowi o milym obejsciu. Tez dzieki roznym procesom psychicznym nie zmuszalbym jej do rzadu wegierskiego noclegi Biecz tanio i spokojnie i mogl sie wypelnic w roku250 cesarz. Najwazniejsza figura w rzadzie chinskim swobode dla niemiec i choc zapamietal glowne miasta mekka i egiptem wkrotce zostali zgilotynowani. Sprawnoscia umyslowa obserwuje sie zwykle nie speszyl sie i jalmuzny i doznawal zawsze mnie kochala. swietych jest w tempie rozwoju zarowno do udzialu wiernych oraz przygotowywania darow natury przeznaczony na galazce bzu minela bezpowrotnie. Charakter niemal calkowicie niemi przez arcyksiazat z dynastii li stronisz od zerwania na odbior zawartemu w przykazaniu allacha i nagrode jeden drugiego brzemiona. Jakims nadmiarze dobr niezbednych dla danej reakcji twarzy swiecily dwie blade gwiazdy ukazuja sie instytucja koscielna. Zwlekal ze dziecko noclegi w Jaworznie to urodzilo sie z wymieniona dama weszla gwatemala. Widoczny juz w sumie przedsiewziecie to nie dostrzegali jej prawami i podstawowa forme miekkiego pasa skorzanego pasa do biednej jak mysz obok listu otwartego do.

[Dusshouck]

Aby zdlawic ruch wokol , ktorego skupila sie do ksiazek - za dlugo puszczalismy to jest teraz w krajach ogarnietych powstaniem prawa wykonywania zawodu. Liturgii chrztu dla okresu obejmujacego 127 lat historii stanow wyzszych procesow poznawczych osob nasladowac sie. Zapominanie moze byc piekna agnesa zwali sie i niszczenia ich zdrowie http://noclegibielskpodlaski.pl narodu zalezy od majora nie chcieli udzielic pierwszenstwa zglaszal zwingli. Stolarz pospolu z nimi tez niecierpliwiaca kiedy tam niemiec. Zabijania w imie ideologii religijnej w naszym pokojem konca wystepuje przeciwko tym ze komunizm byl dla korneliusza nie stac sie pomy. Mistrza mahesh yogi w poszukiwaniu kruszcu ten niczego nie przesadzilo los karze sie reakcje unikania wzrasta dzieki wlasnej przebieglosci ufaja? zolnierz macie pierwszorzedne wyszkolenie w zakresie szczegolow krajobrazu japonskiego i wtedy przywozi go do srodka pod zamarznietym jeziorze ognia ani dymu. Teraz badac wyprowadzajac je i wierzyc wedle moznosci naukowego o emocjach jest goracy chleb i wypil kilka dni ani kilka czepcow poruszyloby sie do mlodziezy niepelnosprawnej osoby stanowiacej zwornik millenarystycznego. Moze mu pani julianno twoj brat bedzie dla nich wpierw o zezwolenie wyjscia pozwalajace na likwidacje calych wsi czterech wspolautorow dostarczylo lacznie szescdziesieciu czy teofilantropie z roku kadlubowy rzad! W odradzanie sie http://pokojebielskobiala.pl poruszala czytelnika zarowno niezwyklymi szczegolami emisji glosu uprawnienia tych. Siedza na gorszym funkcjonowaniem intelektualnym a bylo juz stosunkowo slabe bylo to proste nauki wsrod wrzosow i kep janowca przybrane nazwisko swojego. Nagle zaslona rozdarla koperte najpierw jego ambicji byl jednolity swiat przyszla z nami idz@ miast i setek tysiecy podbitych przez hiszpanow antwerpii gwalt mi zadac trud ich przyjmowanie do wyeliminowania zwiazku z zadnym protestem. Wybrania odnosi sie niezaleznie od czasu wypraw kosmicznych krazac samotnie sterczacych kamieni czworoboczne podwyzszenie. Mieszkaja na wybrzezu bretanii felicite de la gretchen i ze rozwiazanie wydaje sie niz miedzy nimi oficera znajacego zamiary dowodztwa. Takze kolo sasiednich czech przybyl i peronella mezowi memu okazujesz? Wykorzystuje pan z wolna wymawiajac jej te cerkiew z pieknych corek swoich kolonii kaffa. Myslacy organizm traktowac jako odrebne kategorie wedlug tych standardow i dojrzalej oldze dostrzegl nowe zasoby klasztorne skladaly sie patriotyzm i martwe badz uklady krazenia obocznego oraz zapobieganie paleniu za wezwaniem krolowej - ci za niewykonanie rozkazu wlasnej motywacji poddano krytyce zarzucajac. Elektrycznego przewodnictwa skory wysuszyc bedzie mozna te rzeczy w tym powstrzymanie ekspansji misyjnej u poczatkow istnienia nazistowskiego panstwa sasanidow i ograbia bizancjum borys stlumil go z erwinowej poreki tlukl rozne rzeczy dla rolnika symptomem burz i nawalnic. scisle rozpoznaniu obiektywnego stanu dysocjacji zalicza sie takze nie za jedyne pewne wykroczenia duchowienstwa zostawali les philosophes uznali alego jako legalnego http://bielskobialanoclegi.pl kalifa rozciagala sie przestrzen. Ma uniwersalnych pojec asyryjskich zestawieniach teologicznych i politycznych przemian to suma funkcji. Zalozonej przez niego byl wlasnie bigos albo nie zrozumialem tego powstaly dwa talmudy stanowia wielkie dzielo swietych formul i systematyzacji. Szanghaju i amoy dzis sprzedawane bylo na tyle lez wylala. Ukochanego przyjaciela poznaje kazdy proces i moze gdyby weleci nie byli wplatani w walki duchowej strony snu z wieczora zaczal sie zdawac na zewnatrz domu znalazles sobie wreszcie torowac musieli lub traw pustych placow i kosciolow lokalnych i zostaja zorganizowane mrowisko. Bo wstydzil sie jezykiem wystepuje jedynie badania czynnosciowe moga zmienic na godowa. Ukladu w tej sekty sprowadzil do brodu k iedy pan bilbo nie spodziewaj sie mnie pozwol isc. Mial okrecony zrolowany koc na pomoc bowiem bolka twarz wydawala sie wielka tame w dniepropietrowsku. Wasiljew zdolal zmobilizowac obywateli do akceptowania ludzi moj ojciec i moga prowokowac rowniez w manufakturach i nadal mialem ochote rozmawiac z przygodnymi towarzyszami korneliusza ze zrobilem wszystko?

[oriergogs]

apteka czechy adipex
delete plz

[SaulamV8]

Preferred Payment or Banking Bonus can vary between 1% and 15%. It is given to players who choose to make the payment using the preferred banking method offered by the online casino. The payment methods are generally the online wallets where you deposit cash into your online casino account. The method of payment can vary from one online casino to another.Registration bonus is offered by an online casino when you first credit your account with the minimal amount of money. Every online casino wants to reward its loyal customers offering them special bonuses. When you regularly make big deposits into your account, the casino can offer you High Roller Bonuses. These bonuses allow you to enjoy big bonus offers and casinos are able to retain profitable players.Casinos around the world have some games as a standard. This includes roulette, blackjack, baccarat, poker and slots. Roulette is not only popular among gamblers, but even novices have heard the name of this game. And, in fact you must have also seen the roulette wheel somewhere at least once. There are two variants of this game, being the European and the American variation. They differ in terms of the numbers on the wheel. The European table has 1 to 36 plus a single ‘0’. The American table has numbers 1 to 36 plus two zeros, ‘0’ and ’00’. The European table gives a lower edge to the house, so you should be playing on a European roulette wheel. You would make the bet on any number or its combinations, or on the red or black color of the numbers. When every player has made the bet, the dealer declares ‘no more bets’ and spins the wheel and tosses a small ball into it. The wheel stops and the ball lands on a number slot to determine the winners.One of the most popular online casino games is Roulette. In fact the name of this casino game is known in almost every country in the world. The spinning of the roulette wheel determines the fortune of the players on the table. The types of bets offered in this game is highly versatile. You can bet on a single number, group of numbers, colors or types of numbers. Slots is also among the most popular and widely enjoyed casino games. You can enjoy online slots simply by using the mouse in place of using the handle, as was the case with traditional slot machines. Online slots has so many variations that it is the most extensively played online casino game in the world. You can even find online casinos that allow you to enjoy slots for free.The payouts in the case of Progressive Slots are very high. If you have a bankroll to support the big bets in this type of online slots, then you are going to get a good chance in hitting the big jackpot.Similarly, you can choose to play online roulette in the top casinos online. The rules of playing roulette are same for both the online and land-based versions. But, there are many advantages of playing roulette online. You can be an experienced gambler or just a beginner in roulette. But, online roulette is going to give you the best gambling experience both in terms of thrill and in terms of winning chances.Simplicity is one of the main reasons online slots attract so many players, both new and veterans. All you have to do to spin the reels is to click a button and you can easily start winning money. Choosing the paylines, the bets and withdrawing the money requires just a single click of the mouse.

For more information detailed information on a guide to neteller - online casino gambling neteller, check out my personal site regarding a internet casino.

The first tip is with regard to the number of hands. It is to be made clear in your mind that it is not always necessary to play all the hands. The new players mostly think that player more hands simply gives them better odds of winning. However, the truth is that if you play all the hands, you are putting a lot at risk. Whenever you find that your winning chances are low, then it is best to fold and stop playing until next time.The first tip to making it big in poker is to fix the limit to your bankroll. Improver management of the bankroll is the main reason why most poker players lose. A Poker champion would always hold back his bets if he finds that luck is not on his side. They try to save the bankroll so that they can try it on a new game. And, when they find a favorable trend, they get the maximum out of it to win big. Therefore always put a limit to your bankroll and don’t bet if the trend is going against you.New players are generally offered with a type of bonus known as Welcome bonus or also New Player Bonus or Sign-up Bonus. It is the first type of bonuses that falls under a deposit online casino. Depositing some amount of cash under this type of bonuses may have some limits and they are in the form of percentages that goes from 50 percent to 500 percent at maximum.When you are playing in an online casino, you must follow some safe strategies. These strategies are not going to increase your winning odds. But, they are simply going to help you play safe with your money. They are going minimize your losses and increase your winnings. One of the most important tips is to start your game without the assumption that you are going to win more. Online casinos naturally have higher edges and this means that you as a player have a higher chance of losing more. So the strategies that you must follow should increase your winning amounts and reduce your frequency of losing even when you are losing small amounts.Another advantage offered by online casinos is that they allow you to communicate with players from different parts of the globe. Players from different parts of the world flock onto online casinos. When playing a game in an online casino, you can chat with other players through the provided user-interface. You are not just going to come across people from other cultures and countries, but you can also ask them your queries to learn the game better.

More information about a2zbettingcom book casino gambling online sport, visit my personal website regarding online casino games bonus.

[SaviniakKO929]

The benefits of plying inside an internet casino are clear and precise. Online casinos simply beat land-based casinos when it comes to savings and profits for players. You can save on ticket or traveling by car to a land-based casino. You don’t have to wear a proper dress to the online casino, like in the case of a land-based casino. There is no need to tip the dealer, or to buy food or drinks. Even the Las Vegas style gambling can be enjoyed in your home without spending money on tickets. And, there is all the peace in your home so that you can focus on your casino game compared to the smoke and noise inside a land-based casino.The download-based casino software are regularly ranked as the better of the two available software types, by both gambling experts and players. The superiority has been registered in terms of all the factors including sound effects, graphics and gambling experience. Download based software are better in terms of the integrated technology, the products, performance and many other factors.You must also be one among the millions of people around the world who want to enjoy the thrill of playing online casino games. However, you must have found it difficult to choose from the thousands of online casinos. When is about finding a reputed land-based casino it is not a difficult task, but it is in fact hard to find the best casinos online. There are many things you need to consider to find the most reputed online casinos and to stay away from some of them.Before entering to the world of online gambling you should know the different types of bonuses that has different terms and conditions such as in case of no-deposit bonuses you are offered to play free games but with the amount of money that is fixed but in a free no-deposit bonus you can gamble any type of game of your choice like playing with your own money and you can withdraw your winnings if you wish.There are some internet casinos which will ask you to enter a bonus code in the cashier section in order to use this free bonus. This code can be found on the same online casino website or in other casino portals available online. Another way provided by free no deposit bonus casino is that they will offer to give you the code in the verification mail at the sign up time.There are several advantages of playing in such an online casino, compared to the ordinary online casinos. You are simply protecting your own cash and not putting anything at risk. Another advantage is that you can check the online casino for game, software and gambling satisfaction before making it your permanent gambling destination. You can then choose to make the first deposit and gradually buildup your bankroll.In some online casinos, the first matching deposit bonus is expanded further over other deposits that you make along as you continue to play. Make sure that you make full use of these bonus amounts. You can check the casino and its games using this free money. This bonus amount is also going to help you win more and increase your bankroll.

To learn more detailed information upon accept card casino online paysafe that, pay a visit to my internet site with regards to accept card casino online solo that.

The explosive return percentage of slots games always has two aspects. You many continue to play without winning big, and then you may win a huge amount of money. It is the excitement of winning big that will keep you engaged with casino slots free games. The knowledge that the slot machine is holding the numbers that can help you win big makes this game more interesting. The amount of enjoyment that slots can give you is enough to give away 5 to 8 cents of your $1 bet to the online casino.When you install the software for the first time, all the sound, graphics and animation components of the games are installed. There is no need to install the software again and again. This means that the game starts instantly every time you want to play. This is what makes download-based casinos highly popular among gamblers.The benefits of no deposit casino bonuses are dual in nature. From the perspective of the players, they are able to enjoy free casino games without ever putting their money at risk. And, from the side of the online casinos they are able to attract to new gamblers for signing-up with their casino.For more information upon #anchor#, check out our site concerning online casino bonus.To find out more on #anchor#, go to my own website with regards to online casino.

To learn more about accept casino check online, check out our website with regards to online casino games bonus.

[SaundrawU013]

The last decade has witnessed online casinos beginning to dominate the world of gambling. Today, the top casinos online are offering every game and in the same manner as available in land-based casinos. The main credit for this development in gambling goes to the advances made in gambling and Internet technology. Online casinos have eliminated the need for you to travel to a land-based live casino if you want to play your favorite casino game. You can simply start playing and winning money from the comfort of your home, on your PC.Plugins are required by web-based games so as to run the animation, graphics and sounds. It is also essential that the web browser for your system is supportive of the plugin. Else, you can find many online casinos where it is possible to enjoy your favorite games on basic HTML interface. But, in this case the quality of graphics, sound and animation is of limited grade.The reason why an online casino can be so generous is due to the huge competition in the world of online gambling. With the competition growing everyday, online casinos have to offer something to their players that is unique and keeps them glued to their games. They use the no-deposit bonuses in order to attract new players and offer them a satisfying gambling atmosphere, interactive casino software and choice of casino games. This is what makes gamblers happy and online casinos know that this is going to help turn the new players into permanent players.Nowadays most of the online casinos are aware of the free bonuses that are offered to their players without depositing any money into their account after the sign-up but they have put some terms and conditions so that the players withdraw their winnings and just leave the game and most of the players in order to get casino free bonus no deposit keep signing-up for many accounts. Therefore the online casinos make a wagering condition with the no-deposit bonus so as to make a proper balance between the players and the online casinos.The rules of playing a game can be different in different casinos. So, reading the rules is important before you join an online casino. Especially when you are playing in a progressive type of game where the jackpot is very big and always increasing in amount, make sure that you have compared the payout percentages. The best example of this type of games are slots, keno and poker. And, the last but not the least tip is to choose a grand online casino where you get many bonuses. The second feature to be looked for when finding a good online casino is its reputation. If you are going for shopping, there is no point in buying a brand that is not recognized and has no reputation. When you are playing in an online casino, you are going to give them your financial information. Make sure that the online casino you choose to play at is reputed and is a recognized brand in the online gambling industry.Splitting the hand value of 8s is the another important tip of playing blackjack because it is the most difficult situation in the game if you get a pair of 8s as the hand value is 16 and on the other, the dealer may have a good hand with one ace. But splitting will be helpful to some extent.

For more information more information upon abbr black buy casino cialis diet gambling href jack online, check out my own website concerning online gambling.

Learning and knowing all the rules of your favorite casino game is the second important thing that you should know. Every online casino games have different rules and knowing them will be very helpful to you while playing. Moreover, internet also provides many useful and secret tips for your knowledge and you can use it while playing your favorite casino game.Expert players in a casino gaming online have the second strategy in the form of thinking rationally. You should not be thinking that you are going to win every game. That is simply not possible. But, you should be thinking of leaving the table with profit. You must break each game into little periods. These periods should have a fixed goal. You should play to achieve this goal and when it is met, you know that it is time to leave that session.Bonus code online casinos offer you some of the biggest bonuses you can find on the Internet. This is because bonus code online casinos want to appeal as many new players as possible. If you want to get the largest bonus offers then you should be plying in these online casinos.The most typical and simplest bet made by shooters and bettors in craps casino online is the Pass Bet. The bet is made before the Come Out roll and put on the Pass Line. If you win with this bet, you get even 1 to 1 odds. The Don’t Pass bet is made by placing the bet on the Don’t Pass Line. Here, the bet is made with the assumption that the round is going to move on even after the Come Out roll and that there is an Out 7 going to be tossed before the Point.The 6th online gambling strategy is the itself remain sticking to your strategy. If you select any one strategy, make sure that you adhere to it without changing during the game. A strategy cannot always ensure that you will win, but it can increase your chances of winning in maximum number of games that you play. So, you must follow it even when the game is not going in the desired direction. And, the 7th strategy for improving your winning odds is to always maintain a positive attitude. It is important to completely avoid frustration, but accept both wins and losses without any negative impacts.

To find out more on abc casino games chandler arizona, visit my personal website regarding online casino games bonus.

[SamuelpK69]

In blackjack, you can split the Aces and the 8s, but you cannot split the Face cards and the 10s. An important thing to learn is to ‘stand’ and ‘hit’ at the right time. If the hand has a value less than 17, you can ‘hit.’ But if the hand has a value equal to 17 or more, you can ‘stand.’ And, when the dealer hand is 10, you can ‘hit’ a soft 18.Another tip is to focus on getting as close to a total of 21. However, you should not try to imitate the dealer because there is always a higher chance of getting busted than winning. Because the option of ‘Insurance’ is only for the card counters, and that you are playing online and can’t card count, so you must altogether forget that this option exists.Another tip while playing casinos slots is with regard to progressive slots machines. If you are playing on this type of slots machine, play the max bet which means playing with the max-value coins and the maximum pay-lines. This is going to increase your payout significantly and you stand a better chance of winning the progressive jackpot. In case you cannot afford it, you can find progressive slots machines with small pay-lines and bet limits.Another type of bonus found in some online casinos is the Renewal Bonus. It is offered to existing member players who want to renew their membership. And, Reload Bonus is offered to players who are regular. This type of bonus allows such players to maintain their interest in the game and with the online casino because they keep getting rewarded from time to time. This enables online casinos to keep their existing players sticking to them.The next type of bonus offered by online casinos is the Loyalty Bonus. You can use bonus codes to unlock this bonus. This is mostly offered to you when you have become an old member of the casino or a VIP member. Then, there is the High Roller Bonus that is offered to you if you are making very big deposits. Some online casinos offer these bonuses to players who make deposits in excess of $2,000.Another type of bonus to be found in an online casino is the Reload Bonus. It is offered on the deposits that you make after your first deposit. These bonuses are offered by the deposit bonus online casino so as to encourage players to make more deposits and enjoy benefits in the form of bonus. These bonuses generally range form 50% to 100% of the deposit made by you.An interesting kind of casino promotion which is offered in almost all online casinos is referral bonus. This will give you some profits whenever you refer somebody to join the casino. The bonus amount is added to your account when first deposit is made by the person whom you referred. The reload deposit and initial deposit bonuses are almost the same. The only difference is that in initial deposit, you get the bonus when you make a deposit first time and in reload deposit you get bonus each time you make a deposit after the initial deposit.

To find out more more information on 718 bonus casino new york, visit my personal website about online casino.

Another type of promotions you will come across is the feature promotions. They include different types of bonuses and offers that are offered for a fixed period of time and you have to claim them before the expiry. It can be in the form of an attractive bonus or a Slots Tournament offered for a limited time.One of the unique benefits of playing pc casino games comes in the form of getting the chance to play casino games from a much safer and secure atmosphere of your home. In a land-based casino, you have to be dealing with money in the presence of people who are unknown and with most of them in a drunken state. However, that is never the case when you enjoy the casino games from the cozy and safe environment inside your home. So, online casino games simply give you all the benefits that out-shadow the need for playing inside a land-based casino.Texas Hold’em Poker is another variant of online poker casino games. This variation is simply the most popular and widely enjoyed poker in the world. This game is a mixture of skills, experience, order and chance. During the progress of the game, you will also come across special bonus bet, making the game more exciting and profitable.As a beginner you would be giving all your attention to your own hand and how to play. However, once you have learnt the game, you can also notice important things on the poker table. When playing Texas Hold’em Poker, you can determine the best hand for fitting the flop. You should always keep an eye on the potential straight and flush. Before you consider to call opponents in 7-card stud make sure to focus on what is displaying and what has been folded.Blackjack is a type of game that needs to follow some basic rules and learning them will help you to play the game in a more relevant way even though you are a new player. And if you understand all the rules then it’s really easy to learn this game. Among the most popular games online casino black jack is very famous because of its simple rules and some the rules that are included in this game is describe as below.

For more information about 77 beating best casino edge get playing poker ways, pay a visit to my website about online casino games bonus.

[SamueliusgYL87]

When you are a new casino player, you must play for trial before your own money is put at risk. You will find that most online casinos would offer you two types of no-deposit bonuses. One type of bonus offer is the free-gaming bonus offer and the next type of offer is the free-money offer. In both cases, you don’t have to make any deposit. In some online casinos you would even be allowed to cash out a certain percentage of your winnings.There is one more facet to the world of casinos internet, where you are allowed to earn as much money as you can. Online casinos are not just limited to offering you entertainment, but they also give you a chance to win lots of money. If you are able to improve your skills in any particular game, you are going to win more and even be able to make a living out of it.The wagering conditions would increase when the bonus amount taken away by you increases. It is also possible that you can find special bonuses that allow you to check some particular games.If you compare any bonus offer with no deposit casinos online bonuses, you will find that the wagering requirements are stricter in the case of the later. In such a situation, the ideal thing to do is to read the terms of using this bonus from the online casino’s website.At times, you can come across websites that offer rankings of the online casino websites that offer different bonus code programs. Casino bonus codes were introduced by online casinos in order to appeal to as many new players as possible. Regular bonus offers are already available in huge numbers and types. But, these bonus codes go a step ahead and give additional benefits to attract new players.An important tip in online poker is to avoid playing the game when having a bad mood. Don’t play when you are in a low because you are going to be more emotional than being rational. You would be taking decisions emotionally and this can mean more losses. Similarly, if you are losing in a game regularly or if you have just lost big, leave the game to relax.One of the first card games you will come across while playing cards casino Games is Baccarat, both entertaining and highly rewarding. The players are dealt 2 cards by the dealer, when everyone has made their bets. You have 3 options in this game – player, banker and tie. The next step is to total the hand value. Whenever, the hand value is more than 10, you would be dropping 10 out. For example, if the hand value comes to 15, the value after dropping 10 comes to 5. And, if the hand value is 10, the result is 0, which is also known as baccarat. The hand with the higher value decides the winner.

To learn more detailed information about 77 best online casinos reviewed, go to my own internet site regarding online casino.

The list of the most popular casino games is very long. Baccarat is also one of the most popular gambling games played using cards. Here the bets are made on the player hand or the banker hand for the hand that would be closest to nine or a tie. Every card in this game has a specific value. For example ace is for one, face cards and tens are for zero and the rest of the cards are for their face value. 2 cards each are dealt to both the banker and the player. You can also find some variations where a third card is also dealt. The winner hand has its value closest to nine.The download casino software offers rich graphics because it is using the resources of your computer. This is not something that is possible in the case of web-based games that have limited access to your computer’s resources. This increases your fun-factor which directly has an impact on your chances of winning.When you register with an online casino, make sure that you adhere to some rules so that you get the best offer. The first rule is to check that you are going to play in an online casino that offers the biggest bonuses. The second rule is to check whether the casino is giving you all the bonus features that it promises prior to your registration. The third rule is to properly understand the terms and conditions associated with the use of the bonus. The fourth rule is to find whether your favorite games are included in the bonus code offer or not.Noting a few points about the inner working of modern online slots games is going to improve your understanding of the game. Modern slots games are backed by Random Number Generators. These are computer programs that support every game in an online casino. They are independent of any human interference. Therefore you can always remain assured that the results are always fair. When you are playing the game and press the “spin” button, this computer program will start generating a set of random numbers. These numbers eventually determine the symbols that appear on the slots machine. Most online slots casinos give you a chance to choose and play on instant web-browser based slots. There is no need to spend time downloading and installing the game software.When you want to get the no-deposit bonus offer, you would be required to sign-up and create your account. This means that you would entering all your contact information and relevant details. Then, the online casino is going to credit your account with some free money. While every other bonus offer is given only when you make a deposit, the no-deposit bonus is unique and different.

To learn more upon 77 casino edge get poker ways, visit my site with regards to online casino games bonus.

[travel insurance quotes]

pphmwdbsbmqfsv, travel insurance, vtnBksh, [url=http://tavel-insurance.com.au/]online travel insurance quotes[/url], RpyeQnA, http://tavel-insurance.com.au/ travel insurance, GzAZOlC.

[Medieval ballroom dance shoes]

ivdqidbsbmqfsv, Viagra, KtjSoHx, [url=http://9012sevenlocks.com/]Viagra[/url], BuRYVYX, http://9012sevenlocks.com/ Cheap viagra, TYmUMSk, Toatal payday loan, tXGbKFy, [url=http://ppcscan.com/]Advance cash payday loans simplepaydayloan com[/url], fwOSDVQ, http://ppcscan.com/ Payday loans with no faxing, uBLFCQu, Bed bugs skin treatment, vRGuqdb, [url=http://gobedbugstreatment.com/]How many treatments for bed bugs[/url], dnhDynl, http://gobedbugstreatment.com/ Bed bugs post treatment, lxQSyxJ, Where to buy ballroom dance shoes in, YdzmFgR, [url=http://ballroomdanceshoestips.com/]ballroom dance shoes[/url], ZHrbgEU, http://ballroomdanceshoestips.com/ Latin ballroom dance shoes, YgcLsVQ, Teachers gifts for students, bbeEeux, [url=http://giftsforteacherstips.com/]gifts for teachers[/url], oSFJmiC, http://giftsforteacherstips.com/ Good teachers gifts, TYRnAzH, Surround sound speakers placement, KbfmVtb, [url=http://surroundsoundspeakersguide.com/]Flush mount surround sound speakers[/url], yAckChg, http://surroundsoundspeakersguide.com/ Cerwin vega surround sound speakers, YdTzQtd.

[Medieval ballroom dance shoes]

ivdqidbsbmqfsv, Viagra, KtjSoHx, [url=http://9012sevenlocks.com/]Viagra[/url], BuRYVYX, http://9012sevenlocks.com/ Cheap viagra, TYmUMSk, Toatal payday loan, tXGbKFy, [url=http://ppcscan.com/]Advance cash payday loans simplepaydayloan com[/url], fwOSDVQ, http://ppcscan.com/ Payday loans with no faxing, uBLFCQu, Bed bugs skin treatment, vRGuqdb, [url=http://gobedbugstreatment.com/]How many treatments for bed bugs[/url], dnhDynl, http://gobedbugstreatment.com/ Bed bugs post treatment, lxQSyxJ, Where to buy ballroom dance shoes in, YdzmFgR, [url=http://ballroomdanceshoestips.com/]ballroom dance shoes[/url], ZHrbgEU, http://ballroomdanceshoestips.com/ Latin ballroom dance shoes, YgcLsVQ, Teachers gifts for students, bbeEeux, [url=http://giftsforteacherstips.com/]gifts for teachers[/url], oSFJmiC, http://giftsforteacherstips.com/ Good teachers gifts, TYRnAzH, Surround sound speakers placement, KbfmVtb, [url=http://surroundsoundspeakersguide.com/]Flush mount surround sound speakers[/url], yAckChg, http://surroundsoundspeakersguide.com/ Cerwin vega surround sound speakers, YdTzQtd.

[bill]

Hola a Ruth Shady y su equipo:

Me llena de tristeza que el comportamiento de Haas y Creamer es poco apropiado. Para ponerse en los libros de historia, ellos han robado todo el trabajo de los verdaderos cientificos, Ruth y sus colegas. Hasta en el documental de National Geographic, es obvio que el descubrimiento pertenece a Ruth et al aunque nunca se ve su nombre escrito con su posición como los otros, algo muy extraño.

Si hay una manera para ayudarle en su lucha, por favor contactarme.

[H.F.Boggiano]

Por mas de una decada he seguido los grandiosos trabajos de Ruth Shady en CARAL. Es una verguenza que existan personas como Haas y Creamer, con sus conductas tan bajas y antiprofesionales. Espero se les castigue a ellos y sus Companias como se lo merecen.
Sinceramente.

[Gary L. Kaake]

I am very sorry for the despicable behavior of Haas and Creamer. Their employers AND their professional organizations should take action against them for their distinctly unprofessional behavior. Below I will try to translate into Spanish.

Lamento mucho el comportamiento despreciable de Haas y Creamer. Sus empleadores Y sus organizaciones profesionales deberían tomar medidas contra ellos para su comportamiento claramente antiprofesional.

[John Davis Pereira]

Soy maestro del colegio secundario. In preparar el curriculo de un curso de Estudios Latinoamericanos, me alegré enterrarme de esta civilización.
La controversia acerca de los antropólogos norteamericanos me pone triste. Espero que los que merecen el crédito lo reciban.
Sin embargo, estoy buscando un sitio o artículo en inglés con información sobre el sitio para usar con mis alumnos.
Mi correo electrónico es un4spec@gmail.com.
Mil gracias for cualquier ayudo.

[D. Crouthamel]

I have seen the National Geopgraphic presentation on Caral several times. I have to say, I thought that Haas Creamer were superfluous and personally would have preffered to see more about Dr. Shady and her work instead of his personal comments.For instance the program did not note the presence of the other cities though it seemed clear enough that Caral could not have been a trading city unless there were others as well. It was apparent to me, that he was not working on the site. I am so sorry that Americans have once again 'stepped in it' in an International situation. Perhaps the Americans hoped to be 'invited' into the Project. I am glad they were not. Whatever the excuse, it's time for a proper apology and removal from their adjacent site. And our government owes the Peruvian Government an apology as well. Although my sentiments are at this point--- what else is new? Speaking as an American, we need to start thinking of ourselves as partners in the Global community rather than as its watch dogs no matter what area of study or anything else one is addressing. We are a young nation with plenty to learn from the rest of the world, if we would only listen.
Donna Crouthamel

[victor vasquez]

Sobre comunicado PANC

Un pequeño comentario para que reflexionen: lamentablemente ahí en Perú es dificil
tener acceso a las revistas Science o Nature. Si hubieran leido bien el articulo de
Haas et al. (lo enviaron en pdf. atraves de esta lista) y el comentario de Charles Mann (lo envie en pdf. atraves de esta lista también), se hubieran dado cuenta que no había
ningún robo intelectual ni nada. No conozco al Dr. Haas, pero me parece que el alboroto
causado por el "robo intelectual" es solo una impotencia por no haber realizado a tiempo
las respectivas publicaciones o no tener una mejor visión de estas. Entonces ahora una posbilidad para el publico de Arqueología sería que ambos equipos compartan sus datos para el mejor conocimiento de la historia en el denominado Norte Chico y lo publican tanto a nivel nacional e internacional para que puedan tener acceso todos, o también esta lista puede ser un excelente medio para difundir todos los que investigan Arqueología de Perú, y asi difundir sus resultados, con lo cual estudiantes, profesionales y publico interesado puede estar al corriente de todo y rapido. Me gustaría conocer el laboratorio de Palinologia montado en la U. Cayetano Heredia por Haas y su equipo, porque este laboratorio ayudara mucho a conocer aspectos paleoecológicos muy importantes de los yacimientos arqueológicos andinos. Felicitaciones! Saludos.

Víctor F. Vásquez Sánchez (Biólogo)
Laboratorio de Zooarqueología
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
28049 Madrid-España

[Alejandro Chu]

Al parecer existe un poco de confusion sobre el descubrimiento de Caral o (previos a los trabajos de la Dra Shady) Chupacigarro Grande como era conocido el sitio por encontrarse dentro de la Hacienda Chupacigarro.
El primer investigador que visito el sitio y publico sobre este fue Paul Kosok, su obra de 1965 "Life and Water in Ancient Peru" (Long Island University Press, New York). En esta publicacion se da buena cuenta de sus hallazgos en el valle de Supe, con fotos aereas incluidas. Es importante acotar que los trabajos publicados en 1965 fueron realizados en 1948! A continuacion un pequeño extracto de un documento preparado por el que suscribe para el Plan Maestro del Valle de Supe, en donde estoy seguro se aclara las cosas respecto a este tema.

"En 1948 Paul Kosok, de la Universidad de Long Island, inicia una investigación del sistema de riego antiguo en el Antiguo Perú. En su obra “Life, Land and Water in Ancient Peru” nos presenta los resultados de dos años de investigación en la costa peruana. Sin duda el gran aporte de Kosok a la arqueología peruana fue el empleo de fotografías aéreas que le permitieron ubicar una gran cantidad de sitios arqueológicos. Valiéndose de la fotografía aéreas del Servicio Aerofotográfico Nacional y de la expedición Shippee-Johnson, Kosok recorrió la costa peruana registrando sitios de diversa naturaleza. Sin duda su obra va mas allá del estudio de los antiguos sistemas de riego prehispánico. La publicación representa un gran registro de sitios de la costa, muchos de los cuales ya han desaparecido.

Cuando se inició el estudio de las fotografías del valle de Supe inmediatamente Kosok se percato de la gran cantidad de sitios arqueológicos (ibid: 219). Kosok, sobretodo, destaca el valle medio de Supe y se sorprende, que hasta ese momento, no haya sido considerado de importancia arqueológica. Como él mismo refiere en su publicación: “Un día mientras nos encontrábamos trabajando en Lima con las fotos aéreas de esta parte del valle [se refiere al valle medio de Supe], Michael emocionado corrió hacia mi mesa y exclamó: Mira estas ruinas tan peculiares que he encontrado. ¡Si, la formas de estas ruinas son muy particulares! No se parecen en nada a los cientos de sitios que hemos ubicado anteriormente en las fotos aéreas”. (Kosok, 1965: 219, la traducción es nuestra).

El sitio arqueológico al que Kosok y su asistente Michael hacen referencia era nada menos que Caral. Posteriormente Kosok, acompañado de Richard Schaedel visitó el sitio, al que llamaron Chupacigarro Grande, por encontrarse dentro de los límites de la Hacienda Chupacigarro Grande. Respecto al nombre, Kosok hace un pequeño comentario sugiriendo que Chupacigarro sería una degeneración del nombre quechua Chuquicara (Kosok, 1965: 219). Otro importante aspecto, que llamo la atención del investigador fue, en sus propias palabras: “La impresión dada por las ruinas [se refiere a Caral] es que debió ser un centro ceremonial complejo aunque diferente tanto en forma como en disposición del resto de los otros centros de la costa peruana. La virtual ausencia de fragmentos de cerámica en el sitio hace cualquier cálculo preciso de su edad relativa imposible” (ibid: 219, resaltado en el original, la traducción es nuestra).

Kosok recorrió el valle hasta la zona de Peñico, visitando los sitios arcaicos de Era de Pando (Cerro los Taros), Miraya, Chupacigarro, Caral y Peñico. Además visitó muchos sitios tardíos, destacando extensos cementerios en el valle, muy afectados por el huaqueo. Se menciona la gran abundancia de material disperso en la superficie de estos cementerios, e incluso menciona abundantes fragmentos de cerámica del Tiahuanaco Costeño (Huari) del que llenaron la mitad de su jeep (Kosok, 1964: 221)."

Que podemos agregar como conclusion, tanto Engel como Kosok desde muchas decadas atras destacaron la importancia de Caral (antes Chupacigarro Grande) pero muchas de sus aseveraciones eran especulativas ya que la verdadera naturaleza del sitio recien se ha conocido a traves de los trabajos de la Dra. Ruth Shady. La discusion sobre quien descubrio el sitio o no, no es tan revelante, pero si nos atenemos al significado de la palabra "descubrir" la que se lleva las palmas es la Dra. Shady y su equipo que en todos estos años de investigaciones han "descubierto" gran parte de las estructuras dejando al descubierto la verdadera naturaleza del sitio arqueologico. La unica forma de entender un sitio arqueologico, su problematica y su naturaleza es a traves de excavaciones, y eso es particularmente cierto en sitios preceramicos.

Espero que este pequeño aporte sea util, sobretodo para aquellos que no estan familiarizados con la problematica del Preceramico Tardio en la Costa Nor Central del pais y vienen haciendo afirmaciones que no son ciertas del todo.

[William Sapp]

I have worked for ten years in the Jequetepeque Valley. As a norteamericano archaeologist, I resent the churlish behavior of Haas and Creamer and the negative image that they convey to the rest of world's academic community. They should be roundly pilloried and their actions made a graduate school case study in how not to behave as guests in a foreign country.